The thyroid is a small gland in the neck that produces hormones involved in metabolism and several body functions. When it produces too little or too much hormone, symptoms can develop gradually and may overlap with other conditions. Symptoms alone cannot confirm a thyroid disorder, so medical assessment and appropriate tests are important.
Common signs to recognise
An underactive thyroid may be associated with fatigue, feeling unusually cold, constipation, dry skin or changes in menstrual patterns. An overactive thyroid may cause palpitations, tremor, heat intolerance, sweating or unexplained weight changes. These signs have many possible causes and are not specific to thyroid disease.
How are thyroid conditions checked?
A clinician may review symptoms, medical history and medicines, examine the neck and request blood tests such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (T4). Additional tests depend on the results and clinical context.
What should you do?
- Arrange an appointment if symptoms persist, worsen or affect daily life.
- Tell your clinician about medicines and supplements, including biotin, which can interfere with some laboratory tests.
- Do not start thyroid medication or high-dose iodine supplements without medical guidance.
- If you already take thyroid medicine, do not change the dose without consulting your prescriber.
Frequently asked questions
Can weight change alone mean a thyroid problem?
No. Weight changes can have many causes and need to be interpreted alongside other symptoms and appropriate tests.
Can thyroid conditions be treated?
Many thyroid disorders can be managed, but the right treatment depends on the diagnosis and individual circumstances.
Further reading: NIDDK information on hypothyroidism.
Medical disclaimer: This article is educational and does not replace personalised medical advice or diagnosis.
